
A scalable parallel finite element framework for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing simulations
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Additive manufacturing (AM) offers a great opportunity for customised design. Despite all its advantages, the specific manufacturing of metal components by powder bed fusion (PBF) remains a challenge in industries such as aerospace, automotive and biomedical. In this technique, a layer of powder is melted by a laser beam, which, after cooling, is then overlaid with a new layer of powder, in turn melted. This process is repeated layer by layer until the final part is complete. Unfortunately, the high temperature gradients and the high heating and cooling rates involved in the PBF process cause residual stresses and distortion [1]. To help understanding this process and hopefully correct it, we propose a new open source parallel finite element (FE) framework able to simulate PBF processes. While different approaches have already been proposed, conserving the physics while ensuring scalability remains a challenge. To this end, we propose here a thermo-mechanical FE framework in finite deformation using our in-house code, MuPhiSim, written in C++. A fully coupled thermo-elasto-plastic constitutive model is implemented taking into account the three phases that the material undergoes during PBF: powder, liquid and solid. An extensive library of functions has been developed to allow material properties to be defined as constant or as temperature dependent in each phase, ranging from linear to sigmoidal or more complex functions, depending on the level of detail required. Motivated by the layer-by-layer process, a new numerical scheme for birth/death elements is also developed, while retaining parallel scalability by discarding non-active element from the calculations. The final PBF simulated processes account for all three steps of AM: power spreading, laser melting and cooling, with different time step requirements through an adaptive time step scheme. Here, we present the approach and illustrate it against a few examples. Acknowledgment: S. Garzon-Hernandez acknowledges support from the Talent Attraction grant (CM 2022 - 2022-T1/IND-23971) from the Comunidad de Madrid. The authors also acknowledge funding from the EPSRC Prosperity Partnership ASIMOV EP/S005072/1. [1] Burkhardt, C., Steinmann, P., & Mergheim, J. (2022). Thermo-mechanical simulations of powder bed fusion processes: Accuracy and efficiency. Advanced Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences, 9(1), 18.